Империя эфталитов

Файл:Map of the Hephthalite Empire circa 500.png

Файл:Эфталитское государство.png

Файл:Tartary from Theatrum orbis terrarum, by Abraham Ortelius.jpg

На карте фламандского картографа Абрахама Ортелия Эфталиты отождествлены с коленом Нафтали.

Империя эфталитов (англ. Imperial Hephthalites) — древнее азиатское государство.

Общие сведения

Название эфталиты некоторые авторы связывают с коленом Нафтали

Вениамин Тудельский говорил о царстве колена Нафтали где-то в восточном Иране. Название этого колена сближают с пуштунскими племенем Дафтари.

В китайских источниках (Бэй ши и другие) государство эфталитов (и соответственно народ) называется Яда или «е-да» (嚈噠), которое напоминает этноним иудеи (яхуды).

В 1-й половине 5 века эфталиты вы­тес­ни­ли из Бак­трии (То­ха­ри­ста­на) ки­да­ри­тов.

В 454–455 годах на­ча­лись на­бе­ги эфталитов на Ин­дию.

В вой­не с эфталитами по­гиб са­са­нид­ский царь Пе­роз (484 год).

К конце 5 века эфталиты кон­тро­ли­ро­ва­ли зна­чительные об­лас­ти в Средней Азии, Хо­ра­са­не и Аф­га­ни­ста­не.

В 557–562/563 годах са­са­нид­ский царь Хос­ров I Ану­шир­ван и тюркский ка­ган Ис­те­ми раз­гро­ми­ли эфталитов в Транс­оксиа­не.

В 6 – начале 7 веков вла­де­ния эфталитов ох­ва­ты­ва­ли северные и западные час­ти Ин­дии.

По китайским данным, после расцвета в начале VI века Яда были разбиты тюрками Ашина в 60-х годах VI века и частично рассеялись. Впрочем, ещё в 10-х годах VII века в Суй приходили посольства от Яда.

Некоторые историки считают, что эфталиты (абделы) считаются предками пуштунов, в частности с племенем Абдали (Дуррани).

Сведения Вильгельма Шиккарда

Вильгельм Шиккард (1592—1635) доказал происхождение эфталитов от нафталитян:

Schikhardus in his Tarich or series of the Kings of Persia, amplifies the History of this War, where ex lib. 4. of Agathias, he thus saith, A little after, when they were eased of that Plague, (sc. 7. yeares drought) in the time of the Emperour Zeno, Firuz made a double warre with Naphtali, in which at last he was destroyed. For first of all he was brought to the streights of places unknowne; who then sought for peace upon this condition (and obtained it) that he should sweare that he would never after provoke them; and that he should doe reverence to this Conquerour in token of subjection: which afterward by the counsell of the Magicians he performed craftily, for he bowed towards the Eastern Sun, that his owne people might thinke that he bowed rather to the Sun (after his Country custom) then to honour his Enemy. But he did not truly performe that first agreement, though confirmed by Letters Patents; who because he could not digest the disgrace of bowing to his Enemy, he prepared a new Army and went against them; but a second time he being entrapped by the badnesse of the Country, he lost his life; and many with him, in a Gulf which the Naphthalites had prepared for him, having dressed 32it over with reeds, and some earth throwne a top; they having left in the middle some high grounds, and trees where their Scouts were, that their stratagem might not be found, and that the Persians might more confidently attempt the ditch. Thus a rash King paid for his perfidy, he excelling more in daring, then in counsell, as Agathias saith. The patent by which peace had been agreed, was hung upon a speare, and might be seene of him at distance, that he might remember his Oath, repent, and desist from his enterprise; but he cared little for that. But when by his unexpected fall he saw he should dye, it is said that he pulled off from his right eare a pearle of huge bignesse, and whitenesse, and least any after him should finde it (more likely that his corps should not be knowne) he threw it a great way off. The same Author askes, who those Naphthalites were, and by many arguments he proves that they are the relicks of the Jewes; saith he, I doe wholly thinke that they are the relicks of the Jewes of the Tribe of Naphtali, whom Triglath Pilesser the Assyrian carried into those places, in 2 King. 15.29. For 1. The name, in the best copies of Agathias, which Lewenclavius hath mended, is the same fully; in other Bookes it wants nothing but an (h) now it is scarce possible that in a word of many syllables that should fall out by chance. 2. Their countenance discovers it, for as Procopious I. C. saith, they are not blacke, or foule in their countenance, as the Auns are among whom they live, but the only white men of that Country; that it may evidently appeare that they came from some other place thither. 3. Their manners agree, for the same Author saith, that they are not Nomades, as the Huns who are unconstant in their dwelling, and eate up one place after another; but they inhabite one certaine place. Besides, they observe Law and equity, as the Romans; and have pollicy, being well governed by their Prince: both which is rare among their neighbour Nations. Also they doe not lay abroad their dead, as the Barbarians doe, but they decently cover them with earth.

Сведения Абрахама Ортелия

Абрахам Ортелий (1527—1598) — южнонидерландский (фламандский) картограф, автор первого в истории географического атласа современного типа, пишет:

Нефталиты называются Нефталии по одному из десяти племён с еврейскими именами и по Данитам, которые, будучи наказанными, называются Даны тёмного Севера, и они по требованию Рахили Балбах помещены сюда в область Удоров или Ехудоров; в 476 году они в битве разбили Пероза. Их ещё называют неправильно Евфалиты.

Правители

• Вахшунвар (Эфталан) (ок. 450—490).
• Торамана (ок. 490—515).
• Михиракула, сын (ок. 515—545)*
• Готфар (Вараз) (ок. 545—565)*

ок. 565 тюркское завоевание.